日本語 文字を獲得するまでの１万年② クレオールタミル語説（3）/ミトコンドリアＤＮＡ ― 2008/10/06 17:22
前回の「形質人類学との対話」で、ＤＮＡの話が出ていたのですが、その補足、番外編です。
ＤＮＡ（ミトコンドリアＤＮＡ）の研究において、日本人（縄文人、弥生人を含む）と、南インド人との比較がされていない、そういう資料が無いという大野氏の主張があり、少し気になっていました。
インドをはじめ、ヨーロッパやアフリカなどは、比較の対象としては離れすぎているという馬場氏の発言もあり、もう少し具体的なことが分からないものか調べてみました。
以下の記述は、次の本を参考にしました。
『日本人になった祖先たち』 篠田 謙一著 ＮＨＫブックス
ミトコンドリアＤＮＡには、ハプログループと呼ばれる多くのタイプがあり、世界中の多くの人達のミトコンドリアＤＮＡを解析して、どの地域にどのハプログループを持つ人達が多いのかが、かなり分かっています。
そこで、「インドにおけるミトコンドリアＤＮＡの特徴」ということで、七つのハプログループを示しています。
「Ｍ２，Ｍ３，Ｍ４，Ｍ５、Ｍ６、Ｍ１８、Ｍ２５」
これらは、インドにしか分布しない特殊なもので、その中でもＭ２は人口に占める割合が高く、ドラビダ語族（タミル語が含まれる語族）の集団に多いという特徴があるようです。
さて、これらのハプログループが日本人にあるのでしょうか？
日本人１０００人以上を調べたグラフから、割合の多いものをいくつかあげてみます。
・Ｄ４：３２．６１％
・Ｂ４：８．９９％
・Ｍ7ａ：７．４７％
・Ｇ：６．８６％
・Ａ：６．８５％
このグラフでは、１６種類のハプログループと「その他」に分類されていますが、もっとも少ないものと、その他は次のようになっています。
・Ｃ：０．４６％
・その他：６．６２％
先ほどのインドに特徴的な七つのグループは、このグラフの中には一つも含まれていません。
もし、「その他」の中にあるとしても、おそらくコンマ数％以下でしょう。
これら七つのグループが、目に見える形で現れていれば、比較検討の対象となりうるのでしょうが、ここまではっきりしていれば、詳しく検討する必要もない、ということなのでしょう。
ちなみに、ドラビダ語族に多いとされる「Ｍ２」グループが、元のグループ「Ｍ」から分岐したのは、約５万年前と推定されています。
大雑把に言えば、日本人の祖先（の一部）と分岐したのは、少なくとも５万年は前、ということがいえます。
言い換えると、過去５万年の間、遺伝的な関係が無いといえます。
もちろん、ごく少数はありえます。
ＤＮＡ（ミトコンドリアＤＮＡ）の研究において、日本人（縄文人、弥生人を含む）と、南インド人との比較がされていない、そういう資料が無いという大野氏の主張があり、少し気になっていました。
インドをはじめ、ヨーロッパやアフリカなどは、比較の対象としては離れすぎているという馬場氏の発言もあり、もう少し具体的なことが分からないものか調べてみました。
以下の記述は、次の本を参考にしました。
『日本人になった祖先たち』 篠田 謙一著 ＮＨＫブックス
ミトコンドリアＤＮＡには、ハプログループと呼ばれる多くのタイプがあり、世界中の多くの人達のミトコンドリアＤＮＡを解析して、どの地域にどのハプログループを持つ人達が多いのかが、かなり分かっています。
そこで、「インドにおけるミトコンドリアＤＮＡの特徴」ということで、七つのハプログループを示しています。
「Ｍ２，Ｍ３，Ｍ４，Ｍ５、Ｍ６、Ｍ１８、Ｍ２５」
これらは、インドにしか分布しない特殊なもので、その中でもＭ２は人口に占める割合が高く、ドラビダ語族（タミル語が含まれる語族）の集団に多いという特徴があるようです。
さて、これらのハプログループが日本人にあるのでしょうか？
日本人１０００人以上を調べたグラフから、割合の多いものをいくつかあげてみます。
・Ｄ４：３２．６１％
・Ｂ４：８．９９％
・Ｍ7ａ：７．４７％
・Ｇ：６．８６％
・Ａ：６．８５％
このグラフでは、１６種類のハプログループと「その他」に分類されていますが、もっとも少ないものと、その他は次のようになっています。
・Ｃ：０．４６％
・その他：６．６２％
先ほどのインドに特徴的な七つのグループは、このグラフの中には一つも含まれていません。
もし、「その他」の中にあるとしても、おそらくコンマ数％以下でしょう。
これら七つのグループが、目に見える形で現れていれば、比較検討の対象となりうるのでしょうが、ここまではっきりしていれば、詳しく検討する必要もない、ということなのでしょう。
ちなみに、ドラビダ語族に多いとされる「Ｍ２」グループが、元のグループ「Ｍ」から分岐したのは、約５万年前と推定されています。
大雑把に言えば、日本人の祖先（の一部）と分岐したのは、少なくとも５万年は前、ということがいえます。
言い換えると、過去５万年の間、遺伝的な関係が無いといえます。
もちろん、ごく少数はありえます。
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Great blog, keep it up!